St. Ignatius in historical context

A chronological table is useful for placing Ignatius in historical context.
Please note that all references to events in the life of Ignatius are set in bold.

Life of Ignatius	Contemporary history
	1453 \| Fall of Constantinople to Turks; Venetian commerce challenged 1474-1516 \| Ferdinand and Isabella reign; expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spain 1475 \| Birth of Michaelangelo Buonarroti 1483 \| Birth of Raphael Sanzio, Martin Luther 1490 \| Birth of Titian (Tiziano Vecelli)
1491 \| Birth at Loyola, Spain	1491 \| Siege of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella 1492 \| Columbus finds America. Annexation of Granada by Spain. Alexander VI (Borgia) pope. 1494 \| Beginning of Italian wars 1497 \| Vasco de Gama goes around Cape of Good Hope 1498 \| Death of Savonarola 1503 \| Julius II pope. Erasmus' Enchiridion of the Christian Soldier 1505 \| Luther enters the Augustinians. Michelangelo began Julius II's tomb
1506 \| Page at Arévalo (near Valladolid)	1506 \| Construction of St. Peter's begins in Rome 1508 \| Birth of Andrea Palladio, architect. Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel ceiling; Raphael painted frescoes in Vatican palace 1509 \| Birth of John Calvin. Henry VIII king of England. Portuguese in Southeast Asia. 1512 \| Fifth Lateran Council, abortive reform effort 1513 \| Leo X (Medici) pope
1515 \| "Atrocious crimes" at Azpeitia	1515 \| Francis I of France. Philip Neri and Theresa of Avila born. 1516 \| Charles I, king of Spain; became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519. Machiavelli publishes The Prince. Thomas More writes Utopia.
1517 \| Leaves court after his patron opposes new king	1517 \| Luther's 95 Theses. 1518 \| Birth of Jacopo Tintoretto, painter
1519 \| Service with the Viceroy of Navarre	1519 \| Magellan begins his voyage. Cortez in Mexico. Charles V emperor.
1521 \| Siege of Pamplona. Ignatius wounded	1521 \| Suleiman and the Turks at Belgrade. Diet of Worms, excommunication of Luther.
1522 \| Montserrat; Manresa. Vision at River Cardoner	1522 \| Adrian VI, the reform pope and last non-Italian pope (until 1978)
1523 \| Pilgrimage to Jerusalem	1523 \| Clement VII (Medici) pope.
1524 \| Began studies in Barcelona	1525 \| Birth of Giovanni da Palestrina
1526 \| Arrest at Alcalá by Inquisition 1527 \| Arrest again at Salamanca	1526 \| Defeat of Empire by Turks at Mohacs. Capuchins founded. 1527 \| Charles V's mercenaries sack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII
1528 \| Leaves Spain for University of Paris	1528 \| Verrazzano off the American coast. 1530 \| Lutheran Confession of Augsburg. 1531 \| Henry VIII breaks with Rome. 1532 \| Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca Empire.

1534 \|Montmartre: first vows for companions	1534 \|Paul III pope. Cartier in Canada. Church of England separated from Rome
1535 \| Ignatius leaves Paris for Venice.	1535 \| More and Fisher martyred. Geneva adopts the Reformation.
1537 \| Ordination at Venice. Vision of La Storta	1537 \| Venice and Turks at war. Charles Borromeo born.
1538 \| Companions all gather in Rome.	1538 \| Theatines, Barnabites, Somaschi developing.
1539 \| The "deliberation" by the companions	1539 \| Coverdale's Great Bible.
1540 \| Society of Jesus founded.	1540 \| Angela Merici dies (founder of Ursulines).
1541 \| Ignatius sends Francis Xavier to India. Ignatius elected superior general. First solemn profession.	1541 \| Michelangelo finishes the Last Judgement. Birth of El Greco. Calvin's Institutes.Turks take Buda and Hungary. 1542 \| Roman Inquisition begun. Portuguese in Japan. Birth of John of the Cross, Leonardo da Vinci 1543 \| Copernicus' astronomical work De revolutionibus Orbium Coelestorum. 1545 \| Opening of Council of Trent. Jesuits sent to Trent by Paul III 1546 \| Death of Luther Death of Favre. Francis Borgia, Duke of Gandia, admitted to Jesuits. Jesuits in Brazil. 1547 \| Henry VIII dies. Ivan the Terrible begins reign in Russia. Birth of Miguel de Cervantes. Michaelangelo named architect of St. Peter's.
1548 \| Paul III approves the Spiritual Exercises	1549 \| First English "Act of Uniformity."
1550 \| Society of Jesus confirmed.	1550 \| Julius III pope.
	1551 \| Turkish threat to Vienna.
	1553 \| Mary Tudor, queen of England
1554 \| Ignatius was often ill; Nadal elected Vicar-General
	1555 \| Marcellus II and Paul IV popes. Peace of Augsburg.
1556 \| Death of Ignatius	1556 \| Abdication of Charles V. Philip II, king of Spain. Palestrina's "Mass of Pope Marcellus." 1561 \| Madrid chosen as capital of Spain. Birth of Francis Bacon 1562 \| Birth of Lope da Vega, Spanish playwright c. 1562 \| Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross reformed Carmelite orders 1564 \| Birth of William Shakespeare 1566 \| Revolt of Netherlands against Spain began 1575 \| Congregation of the Oratory (founded by Philip Neri) approved. 1577 \| Birth of Peter Paul Rubens 1588 \| Spanish Armada attempts unsuccessful attack on England. 1596 \| Birth of Rene Descartes 1598 \| Birth of Gianlorenzo Bernini 1598-1621 \| Philip III, king of Spain; decline of Spanish power. 1598-1610 \| Henry IV, King of France 1599 \| Birth of Diego Velazquez 1600 \| Birth of Pedro Calderon, Claude Gelie Lorrain 1602 \| Dutch East India Company organized 1603-1625 \| James I (Stuart) reigned 1604 \| Cervantes' Don Quixote, Part I published in Madrid 1606 \| Birth of Rembrandt van Rijn 1610-1643 \| Louix XIII, king of France with his mother Maria de' Medici (1573-1642) as regent during his minority 1611 \| King James' authorized English translation of bible completed 1616 \| Galileo enjoined by pope not to "teach or defend" researches confirming Copernican theory; called before the Inquisition in 1633. 1618-1648 \| Thirty Years' War. Spain and Austria defeated, France becomes dominant European power 1621 \| Rubens commissioned to paint murals in Luxembourg Palace 1622 \| Birth of Molière (J. B. Poquelin) 1621-1665 \| Philip IV, king of Spain
1622 \| Canonization of Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila and Philip Neri

Life of Ignatius	Contemporary history
	1453 \| Fall of Constantinople to Turks; Venetian commerce challenged 1474-1516 \| Ferdinand and Isabella reign; expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spain 1475 \| Birth of Michaelangelo Buonarroti 1483 \| Birth of Raphael Sanzio, Martin Luther 1490 \| Birth of Titian (Tiziano Vecelli)
1491 \| Birth at Loyola, Spain	1491 \| Siege of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella 1492 \| Columbus finds America. Annexation of Granada by Spain. Alexander VI (Borgia) pope. 1494 \| Beginning of Italian wars 1497 \| Vasco de Gama goes around Cape of Good Hope 1498 \| Death of Savonarola 1503 \| Julius II pope. Erasmus' Enchiridion of the Christian Soldier 1505 \| Luther enters the Augustinians. Michelangelo began Julius II's tomb
1506 \| Page at Arévalo (near Valladolid)	1506 \| Construction of St. Peter's begins in Rome 1508 \| Birth of Andrea Palladio, architect. Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel ceiling; Raphael painted frescoes in Vatican palace 1509 \| Birth of John Calvin. Henry VIII king of England. Portuguese in Southeast Asia. 1512 \| Fifth Lateran Council, abortive reform effort 1513 \| Leo X (Medici) pope
1515 \| "Atrocious crimes" at Azpeitia	1515 \| Francis I of France. Philip Neri and Theresa of Avila born. 1516 \| Charles I, king of Spain; became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519. Machiavelli publishes The Prince. Thomas More writes Utopia.
1517 \| Leaves court after his patron opposes new king	1517 \| Luther's 95 Theses. 1518 \| Birth of Jacopo Tintoretto, painter
1519 \| Service with the Viceroy of Navarre	1519 \| Magellan begins his voyage. Cortez in Mexico. Charles V emperor.
1521 \| Siege of Pamplona. Ignatius wounded	1521 \| Suleiman and the Turks at Belgrade. Diet of Worms, excommunication of Luther.
1522 \| Montserrat; Manresa. Vision at River Cardoner	1522 \| Adrian VI, the reform pope and last non-Italian pope (until 1978)
1523 \| Pilgrimage to Jerusalem	1523 \| Clement VII (Medici) pope.
1524 \| Began studies in Barcelona	1525 \| Birth of Giovanni da Palestrina
1526 \| Arrest at Alcalá by Inquisition 1527 \| Arrest again at Salamanca	1526 \| Defeat of Empire by Turks at Mohacs. Capuchins founded. 1527 \| Charles V's mercenaries sack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII
1528 \| Leaves Spain for University of Paris	1528 \| Verrazzano off the American coast. 1530 \| Lutheran Confession of Augsburg. 1531 \| Henry VIII breaks with Rome. 1532 \| Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca Empire.

1534 \|Montmartre: first vows for companions	1534 \|Paul III pope. Cartier in Canada. Church of England separated from Rome
1535 \| Ignatius leaves Paris for Venice.	1535 \| More and Fisher martyred. Geneva adopts the Reformation.
1537 \| Ordination at Venice. Vision of La Storta	1537 \| Venice and Turks at war. Charles Borromeo born.
1538 \| Companions all gather in Rome.	1538 \| Theatines, Barnabites, Somaschi developing.
1539 \| The "deliberation" by the companions	1539 \| Coverdale's Great Bible.
1540 \| Society of Jesus founded.	1540 \| Angela Merici dies (founder of Ursulines).
1541 \| Ignatius sends Francis Xavier to India. Ignatius elected superior general. First solemn profession.	1541 \| Michelangelo finishes the Last Judgement. Birth of El Greco. Calvin's Institutes.Turks take Buda and Hungary. 1542 \| Roman Inquisition begun. Portuguese in Japan. Birth of John of the Cross, Leonardo da Vinci 1543 \| Copernicus' astronomical work De revolutionibus Orbium Coelestorum. 1545 \| Opening of Council of Trent. Jesuits sent to Trent by Paul III 1546 \| Death of Luther Death of Favre. Francis Borgia, Duke of Gandia, admitted to Jesuits. Jesuits in Brazil. 1547 \| Henry VIII dies. Ivan the Terrible begins reign in Russia. Birth of Miguel de Cervantes. Michaelangelo named architect of St. Peter's.
1548 \| Paul III approves the Spiritual Exercises	1549 \| First English "Act of Uniformity."
1550 \| Society of Jesus confirmed.	1550 \| Julius III pope.
	1551 \| Turkish threat to Vienna.
	1553 \| Mary Tudor, queen of England
1554 \| Ignatius was often ill; Nadal elected Vicar-General
	1555 \| Marcellus II and Paul IV popes. Peace of Augsburg.
1556 \| Death of Ignatius	1556 \| Abdication of Charles V. Philip II, king of Spain. Palestrina's "Mass of Pope Marcellus." 1561 \| Madrid chosen as capital of Spain. Birth of Francis Bacon 1562 \| Birth of Lope da Vega, Spanish playwright c. 1562 \| Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross reformed Carmelite orders 1564 \| Birth of William Shakespeare 1566 \| Revolt of Netherlands against Spain began 1575 \| Congregation of the Oratory (founded by Philip Neri) approved. 1577 \| Birth of Peter Paul Rubens 1588 \| Spanish Armada attempts unsuccessful attack on England. 1596 \| Birth of Rene Descartes 1598 \| Birth of Gianlorenzo Bernini 1598-1621 \| Philip III, king of Spain; decline of Spanish power. 1598-1610 \| Henry IV, King of France 1599 \| Birth of Diego Velazquez 1600 \| Birth of Pedro Calderon, Claude Gelie Lorrain 1602 \| Dutch East India Company organized 1603-1625 \| James I (Stuart) reigned 1604 \| Cervantes' Don Quixote, Part I published in Madrid 1606 \| Birth of Rembrandt van Rijn 1610-1643 \| Louix XIII, king of France with his mother Maria de' Medici (1573-1642) as regent during his minority 1611 \| King James' authorized English translation of bible completed 1616 \| Galileo enjoined by pope not to "teach or defend" researches confirming Copernican theory; called before the Inquisition in 1633. 1618-1648 \| Thirty Years' War. Spain and Austria defeated, France becomes dominant European power 1621 \| Rubens commissioned to paint murals in Luxembourg Palace 1622 \| Birth of Molière (J. B. Poquelin) 1621-1665 \| Philip IV, king of Spain
1622 \| Canonization of Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila and Philip Neri